The U.S. forces had a mission to secure the escape routes out of the valley. Commanders and staffs use the science of control to regulate forces and direct the execution of operations to conform to their commanders intent. It is considered as the largest combat operation conducted by the U.S. Army regarding the War on Terrorism which started after the tragedy due to terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. After nearly having their position overrun, the men in the southern LZs were in a desperate position, pinned down all day and short of ammunition. The operation took place in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zormat. You are required to give an in depth introduction of your topic. Lang, Katie. General Varenikov, the commanding officer of the Soviet leadership, complained that the Afghan forces failed to develop an accurate picture of the Mujahideen defense in Zhawar, despite having enough time to do so.16 Yet, even after the Soviets took the lead, their TF Hammer consisted of AMF and special operators as the primary effort to assault the Shahi-Kot Valley; their objective was to enter the valley from the north, assaulting through the villages of Serkhankheyl and Marzak, where intelligence indicated that the enemy was concentrated, and channel fleeing enemy into the TF Rakkasan blocking positions. One of the most significant and famous operations of the global war on terrorism. 1,300 words on the Operation Anaconda Case Study. It also demonstrated the fragility of the relationship between those principles when the required attention to those principles was not applied. At around 20:00, the quick-reaction force and Mako 30/21 were exfiltrated from the Takur Ghar peak. Mission command is accomplished through the execution of staff tasks that are defined by the commander tasks and these tasks define the mission command warfighting function. [12] In keeping with established strategy in Afghanistan, fire support was to be provided by United States Air Force units, rather than artillery. The exercise of mission command encompasses how Army commanders and staffs apply the foundational mission command philosophy together with the mission command warfighting function, guided by the principles of mission command. As TF Hammer continued, it suffered from a lack of unit cohesion because of the transportation difficulties. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. A total of 8 U.S. soldiers, sailors, and airmen were killed and 82 wounded, along with several Afghan militiamen; U.S. estimates of other casualties vary, indicating rebel casualties between 500 and 800 and at least 14 civilian casualties. Sgt. According to an interview[36] of some soldiers of the German Special Forces KSK, the post-operation briefing was broken down by an argument between the KSK soldiers and U.S. soldiers. Nevertheless, sometimes war is a necessary evil to fight against an invasive evil or evil ideological will. "[36], "The U.S. soldiers would in fact eliminate such 'threats,' says a former KSK officer. Command and control have evolved into a well thought out structured philosophy now acknowledged as mission command. "First, technology overconfidence, particularly among high-ranking commanders and staff, deludes American forces into believing they can dissolve the fog of war. The goal of shared understanding is that commanders, staffs, and unified action partners will possess a shared understanding of their operational environment, the operations purpose, problems, and approaches to solving them. Razor 04 returned to the peak in an attempt to rescue Roberts, offloading Mako 30. Use your time to develop a deep understanding of your topic to fully explain your analysis. Adamec, W. Ludwig. [3] By this day, following heavy bombing by U.S. strike fighter aircraft, joint U.S. and Afghan forces swept through the valley and cleared it of remaining rebel forces, with little significant combat by 18 March. As they approached, the pilots and SEALs observed tracks in the snow and other signs of recent human activity. Mission command addresses the nature of operations by exercising mission command philosophy, executed through mission command warfighting function and enabled by mission command system. Task Force Commando: 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division, 4th Battalion, 31st Infantry Regiment 3rd Battalion, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. Keywords: Operation Anaconda, mission command, unified land operations. Task Force 11 received time-sensitive intelligence that a possible HVT was travelling within a convoy of al-Qaeda fighters who were attempting to escape by vehicle from Shahikot into Pakistan. Two Rocket Propelled Grenades slammed into the helicopter, shutting down one of its engines, the electric system, and the hydraulic systems and causing Petty Officer First Class Neil C. Roberts to fall out of the open ramp. The Anaconda Plan was designed to do the same thing, it was a great snake that . [6] This operation was the first large-scale battle in the post-2001 War in Afghanistan since the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001. "[34] He rejects the popular characterization of the operation as a guerilla war.[34]. Second, there is an insistence, reinforced by information technology, for high-ranking commanders to try to impose their . Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Operation Anaconda took place in early March 2002 in the Shahikot Valley and the Armagh Mountains, Afghanistan. Even though all overhead imagery showed no signs of life on the peak of Takur Ghar, LCDR Hyder gave the team final guidance per SOP that if any signs were seen, mission would be aborted. The AC-130 was then directed to attack the large groupings of enemy combatants currently exposed on top of the mountain, one to three minutes before the Mako 30 was scheduled to arrive. The operation was well-rehearsed to ensure that the mission would be completed in five days. [14] TF Anvil consisted of TF Rakkasan and the 1-87 to set up blocking positions and prevent enemy forces from escaping. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/1736210/medal-of-honor-monday-navy-master-chief-britt-slabinski/. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. [9], In February 2002, a Special Forces intelligence analyst working for Task Force Bowie began to identify patterns that led him to believe that surviving al-Qaeda forces were massing in the Lower Shahikot Valley, some 60 miles south of Gardez. Since this endeavor is inherent within all human will, it then seems agreeable, that so long as the human will exist then so will the probability of war. A convoy led by Army Chief Warrant Officer Stanley L. Harriman of the Third Special Forces Group split off from the main TF Hammer force to reach the assigned observation point. "Roberts Ridge" Bantam Dell (New York), 2013.: Macpherson, Malcolm. Ropel was later awarded the Bronze Star Medal with a Valor device for his actions. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Policyowners can manage their policies and make premium, loan and rider payments on-line from the convenience of their computer, tablet or cell phones. The competence of Americas military forces was tested in the battles of Operation Anaconda (OA). The U.S. sends 400 of its troops back to base. Due to the satellite communications difficulties, Razor 01 was mistakenly directed to the "hot" LZ on the peak at 332034N 691249E / 33.34278N 69.21361E / 33.34278; 69.21361. At 06:30 the first wave of Rakkasans and Mountain troops landed via Chinook helicopter along the eastern and northern edges of the valley to await the fleeing fighters at their assigned blocking positions. However, valuable lessons were learned from Operation Anaconda and utilized in future engagements. Originally, an insertion point 1,400 metres (1,500yd) east of the peak was identified, but due to uncontrollable time constraints, the SEALs of Mako 30 were forced into an insertion to the peak itself. The mission command philosophy is executed through the mission command warfighting function, which basically consists of a series of mutually supporting tasks. Intelligence assessments for Operation Anaconda presented the scenario that the coming battle would be fought with light arms and would last no more than three days, instead, it lasted seven days with intense combat and terminated after seventeen days. 3 references, APA Format and original work Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. Operation Anaconda was a military operation that took place in early March 2002 as part of the War in Afghanistan. The militia was even told to conduct their operations according to the way they wanted. Operation Anaconda is one of many battles one can study and learn from immeasurable contingencies and circumstances. Such implementations would limit the flow of effectively shared information between components in battle. [2] Estimates of Al-Qaeda and Taliban casualties range from 100 to 1,000, with U.S. commanders favoring the higher estimates and Afghan commanders favoring the lower estimates. During the SovietAfghan War, Mujahideen leader Malawi Nasrullah Mansoor was in charge of the valley and invited foreign jihadists to base themselves in the Lower Shahikot. 3 references, APA Format and original work. The insurgents used their ZPU-1 antiaircraft guns, DSHK and small arms fire against the attack helicopters supporting the Rakkasans. Mutual trust is shared confidence which must flow through the entire chain of command. This action earned him the Congressional Medal of Honor. Mission orders are the guide by which tasks are assigned, resources are allocated and guidance is issued. AMF (Afghan Militia Forces): Commander Zia (Task Force Hammer), Kamil Khan and Zakim Khan (Task Force Anvil). Case Study of Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan. OPERATION ANACONDA OVERVIEW What follows is a brief summary of the critical events that shaped the planning and conduct of Operation Anaconda, the final and largest battle in the initial invasion of Afghanistan after the attacks of September 11, 2001. By July the tactical-level units from the 10th Mountain Division and the 101st Airborne Division, including TF Rakkasan, had all TF Panther deployed to Afghanistan in late June 2002 and would serve under CTF 82 until 5 December 2002. Lambeth, Benjamin. Major General Franklin L. Hagenbeck, Commander, Combined Joint Task Force Mountain, was put in command of the operation. Student's Name University Course Professor Date. The fighters were a mix of well equipped Uzbeks, Chechens, and Afghan Arabs. Military Science case study. For example, in the early planning stages of OA General Mikolashek, General Hagenbeck, and General Franks conflicted with the planning phase because the three shared information, but were each in charge of their generalship. Mission orders define the desired results but do not mandate how to achieve them. The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed analysis of the six principles of Mission Command and how they apply to Operation Anaconda. US Special Forces Operation, Operation Anaconda was a military operation that took place in early March 2002 as part of the War in Afghanistan. The base of the Shah-i-Khot. The assumption was made that this militia would perform just as the Northern Alliance performed. Supported by 16 Apaches, 5 USMC Cobras helicopters and several A-10A ground attack aircraft; the Rakkasans methodically cleared an estimated 130 caves, 22 bunkers and 40 buildings to finally secure the valley. It is the example demonstrated by Medal of Honor Recipient Master Chief Britt Slabinski. The mission order briefs the why, who, what, where, when of the mission, but not necessarily how. Counterinsurgency: The operation, carried out by Soldiers of Company D, 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, was part of the continuous effort to sweep out insurgent strongholds. General Sherman replies to General Grant his understanding and purpose of the orders. Canadian and U.S. sniper teams and Afghan forces begin to sweep the Shahi-Kot valley area to root out rebel forces regrouping in the valley after the fall of the Taliban regime. Close air support was an element that was not properly planned for in the beginning, but was what ended up being the lifeboat for the ground elements locked in combat with the overwhelming al-Qaeda forces. This operation included joint efforts by Special Operations and multinational partners who worked together in the Shahi Kot Valley in Afghanistan in March 2002 (Isherwood, 2007). "The Mission the Men and Me: Lessons from a Former Delta Force Commander" US Army Colonel, Retired 2006. The Pashtun militia obviously failed to exercise disciplined initiative by failing to take action when unforeseen threats arose. A Predator UAV had the convoy under surveillance, showing 3 SUVs, a pickup truck and a large security element of gunman. In the wake of Operation Anaconda, relations between US and UK forces on the ground soured when Stars and Stripes, the magazine for American forces and their families, openly criticized the Royal Marines for returning "empty-handed" from their search for al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters claiming that Britain's contribution to the campaign was "disappointing. TF Panther was under the command of Colonel James L. Huggins and had two infantry battalions from the 3d Brigade of the 82d Airborne Division and one attached infantry battalion from the division's 1st Brigade. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. [22], The troops of the 1st Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment in the southern landing zones (LZs) faced the heaviest fighting. An undetermined number of rebels are said to have escaped the fighting through rugged terrain. TF Rakkasan and TF Hammer fought all day with the AFO teams calling in continuous airstrikes on al-Qaeda positions while Apaches protected the Rakkasans on the valley floor. The Afghans suffered forty or more deaths and injuries. In the seven years of study and debate since 2002, key players from both sides have for the most An undetermined number of Afghan fighters were also killed in the Operation Anaconda. Subordinates gain the trust of their commanders by displaying competence and commanders gain the trust of their subordinates by a display of their competence in training, garrison, or combat environments. (2012). (2007). From this concept, the philosophy of the seven principles of mission command has become discovered. It was decided to use U.S. conventional infantry. Guidance and Requirements: a. The planning process lacked commander's intent, understanding, and mutual trust. After 14 hours of heavy machine-gun fire, thick snow, rough terrain, and calling in close air support, and caring for his wounded teammates they were finally extracted (Lange (2019). Due to time constraints, a helicopter insertion would be needed for the teams to reach the peak before dawn. (2019). Because of this, the Razor 01 flew into the same enemy trap that the SEALs had flown into, with no one able to communicate the reality of the situation. The army's accomplishments and faults that were experienced in terms of the preparation and execution were fully counted by the US army. Operation Anaconda was a military operation that took place in early March 2002 as part of the War in Afghanistan. An enemy counterattack midday mortally wounded Senior Airman Jason D. Cunningham, a pararescueman. Through seven days of heavy, intense combat they were finally able to secure the very last objective. The men on the floor of the valley then picked up and began to patrol north again moving another 50 or so meters when an RPG was fired off a low foothill to the east. Overall, my stance is that the operation was a success. Between March 2 and March 16, 2002 1,700 airlifted U.S. troops and 1,000 pro-government Afghan militia battled between 300 and 1,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters to obtain control of the valley. Operation Anaconda was one of the largest-scale operations conducted by the US-led international coalition against the forces of al-Qaeda and Taliban. Operation Anaconda was also met with criticism. A shared understanding of the common operating picture is now a prerequisite, and that shared understanding supports only one (not multiple) intent(s). This command structure consisted of multiple commanders of various agencies whom all had an individual role in the success of the operation. Furthermore, they had no command over the Special Operation Forces (SOF). The objective of this essay is to demonstrate how the seven principles of mission command can be applied to the operational environment of the Operation of Anaconda. This type of command structure inhibited the commanders on the ground to exercise disciplined initiative. Osprey Publishing, 2005. The mutual trust would have to be achieved before American lives would be put in danger. The AQ then opened up with a DShK as the troops on the ground ran for the only cover on the valley floor in what became known as "Hell's Halfpipe." The six principles of mission command are: build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, provide a clear commander's intent, exercise disciplined initiative, use mission orders, and accept prudent risk. As a result of this action, both Technical Sergeant Chapman and Senior Airman Cunningham were awarded the Air Force Cross, the second highest award for bravery. It was fought in difficult mountain conditions and ended up with an American . Some are critical about the success of American and coalition forces but General Tommy Franks who led the attacks against the Taliban in 2001 and oversaw the invasion of Iraq in 2003 and defeat of Saddam Hussein stated that OA was an unqualified and absolute success (p. 346). The multiple commanders had no control over the other forces, and allied Afghan forces had equipment support to complete the mission. [29] although this has not been confirmed by commanders. Operations planning took place in February of 2002 and was executed from 2-16 March. There are countless examples available from various American battles but one, in particular, is notable in OA. Mission Command in Operation Anaconda: An Analysis (Essay Sample) Instructions: Analyze and evaluate the major points of your case study for research to write your persuasive essay. Mainly due to the multi-head command structure and the lack of time to define correct approaches to solving problems that may be encountered. The correspondence between the two displays an understanding of the entire operational environment. . Mission orders that assign tasks and allocate resources became more accurate due to the missteps of Operation Anaconda. [6] The final plan foresaw two major forces: TF Hammer and TF Anvil. In the months before OA, the Taliban and Al Qaeda faced several defeats and withdrew to Shahikot. TF Hammer's attack stalled short of entering the valley, due to unexpected heavy small arms and mortar fire, combined with the lack of expected close air support. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=817138#, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/reader.action?docID=618737&ppg=208, https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Features/Story/Article/1736210/medal-of-honor-monday-navy-master-chief-britt-slabinski/. Competence is gained by knowledge and experience. Afghan Taliban commander Maulavi Saif-ur-Rehman Mansoor later led Taliban reinforcements to join the battle. Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan: A Case Study of Adaption in, Battle. These assets were tasked instead to the TF Anvil troops. The rockets would automatically detonate at 920 meters, catching helicopters in flak bursts (a tactic learned in the Soviet-Afghan War). The operation took place in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zormat. This operation aimed at removing Taliban and al Qaeda forces located in this valley. Through threat of nearby enemy response elements, hypothermia and shock of wounded personnel, and across nearly 30" of snow in extreme terrain, Mako 21 found a site suitable for an MH-47. "[32] Investigative reporter Seymour Hersh refuted the official account, describing it as "in fact a debacle, plagued by squabbling between the services, bad military planning and avoidable deaths of American soldiers, as well as the escape of key al-Qaeda leaders, likely including Osama bin Laden."[33]. An Anaconda is a snake that squeezes and suffocates it's victim. These six principles are as follows; build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, provide a clear commanders intent, exercise disciplined initiative, use mission orders, and accept prudent risk. The quick reaction force (QRF) consisted of 19 Rangers, a Tactical Air Control Party (Tacp), and a three-man USAF special tactics team carried by two Chinooks, Razor 01 and Razor 02. The seven principles of mission command are applicable in every combat scenario. Introduction Operation Anaconda was a subordinate joint combat operation, during Operation Enduring Freedom, (Lyle 2012) to be carried out in the Shahi Kot Valley located in southeastern Afghanistan. The U.S. forces had not created mutual trust in order to build a cohesive team with this Pashtun militia. This was the first operation in the Afghanistan theater to involve a large number of U.S. forces participating in direct combat activities. In late January and February plans were drawn up to assault the Shahi-Kot Valley using Afghan military forces (AMF) advised and assisted by U.S. special operators. In the planning phase of the operation, the commander of Delta Force, LTC Pete Blaber ruled out any helicopter infiltration of AFOs into the area as not to alert the terrorists in the valley; in addition to AFOs conducting reconnaissance of routes into and around the valley on modified Polaris ATVs (often in adverse weather conditions on difficult terrain), two teams (codenamed India and Juliet) with 3 and 5 operators (respectively) of highly experienced Delta operators from their squadrons Reconnaissance and Surveillance Troop climbed high into the mountains and gorges of the Shahikot, often in extreme weather conditions, to conduct environmental reconnaissance. "Roberts Ridge" Bantam Dell (New York), 2013: Macpherson, Malcolm. Operation Anaconda remains one of the most significant operations in Operating Enduring Freedom. At that point TF Devil, a unit formed around the 1st Brigade, 82d Airborne Division arrived to take the lead in tactical-level security operations. The Apaches destroyed some enemy positions harassing the U.S. and Afghan troops, but the insurgents began intentionally firing their RPGs into the air. Forces flattening entire villages during Operation Anaconda: 'Let's go, free to pillage' (). Only after the adaptation of mission orders did the acceptable prudent risk factor become acceptable. Regardless of mitigation, some risk remains and all from the highest commander to the Soldier in the operational environment understands and accepts the risk. CTF 82's headquarters was at Bagram Airfield, and Vines based TF Panther, his primary maneuver element, at the Kandahar Airfield. [16], SOF teams from Task Force K-Bar and Task Force 64, which included: Navy SEALs from SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8, Green Berets from 3rd SFG, The Canadian Army's Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), The German Army's Kommando Spezialkrfte (KSK), the Norwegian special forces units Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) and Marinejegerkommandoen (MJK), elements of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment and the New Zealand Special Air Service and the Danish special forces from Jgerkorpset. [13][pageneeded] The amount of conventional assets allowed in Afghanistan was limited by United States Central Command (CENTCOM) and civilian defense leadership. The SEAL team set up defenses, attempted to warm the wounded, and waited for dark when a recovery would be attempted. This lack of air support demoralized the Afghans and frustrated the special forces. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! As the human will evolves, so will war and all the turmoil and change it brings. On the second day, U.S. forces modified its original plan from a hammer-and-anvil focus to one that would see mass air fires on the valleys eastern sides in support of the U.S. Armys positions there. Both teams of SEAL operators now opened fire down on the enemy fighters in a crossfire and the third Chinook landed its operators nearby to investigate a suspicious looking vehicle. The TF 11 operators added their firepower. And because there is also inherent goodness within the will of human endeavor, so is the attempt to minimize death and casualties. Provide transitional sentences from one topic to the next. We are left learning the following about Operation Anaconda. Also, unfortunately, the pilot of the Razor 01 was not told about the enemy's anti-aircraft location on top of the mountain. 3 main talking points is Competence, Mutual Trust & Shared Understanding. At the end of the first day of battle when the Troops returned to base for inspections; they realized that all of them had been hit by multiple enemy bullets (p. 15). Mutual trust bank ltd. corporate head office: mtb centre 26 gulshan avenue, dhaka 1212, bangladesh . Use your time to develop a deep understanding of your topic to fully explain your stance on the topic. Then analyze the Operation using the 7 Principles of Mission Command: competence, mutual trust, shared understanding, commander's intent, mission orders, discipline initiative, and risk acceptance. The inherent will to survive and promote or impose ideas on the will of others will always carry with it the possibility of war. Operation Anaconda Command Structure. "[6] Predator drone footage also shows the possibility that TSgt. At approximately 03:00, the Chinook attempted to land atop the mountain. Security expert Bill Roggio argued that al-Qaeda "took a beating during the battle, [but] they were by no means defeated".[9]. Operation Anaconda was a necessary evil. The helicopter crash-landed shortly after. They were not proficiently trained in the type of warfare they were being tasked to execute. The U.S. military aligned the command structure so that only one commander would be in charge. . It is now accepted that the level of prudent risk has been maximally mitigated to ensure the greatest chance at success while minimalizing the chance for negative outcomes. It is composed of two distinct areas, the Lower and Upper Shahi-Kot which run roughly parallel to each other. These tasks are mutually supporting in that the commander tasks drives the operations process, develops teams, and informs and influences audiences inside and outside their organizations. At that moment, Slabinski decided to change the primary mission to a rescue mission after Petty Officer Roberts. Operation Anaconda lacked unityThe United States Air Force, USAF, was recognized on 18 September 1947. What we can take from Operation Anaconda is the importance of implementing all six principles of mission command, which are: Build cohesive teams through mutual trust, create shared understanding, Provide a clear commander's intent, Exercise disciplined initiative, Use mission orders, Accept prudent risk. [37] They were replaced by CTF 82, formed from the headquarters of the 82d Airborne Division and led by the division's commander, Major General John R. Vines. It was a joint mission between U.S. military branches, six other nations, and Afghans led by Major General Franklin L. Hagenbeck. War cannot exist without the mind and will of man. At 03:45, the Ranger quick reaction force was alerted by the DCG to the area. At approximately 06:10, Razor 01 reached the landing zone. The exercise of mission command assimilates mission command philosophy with mission command warfighting functions. An Afghan warlord named Zia Lodin is one of the main leaders of the Afghan allies that are fighting against, and have been fighting the Taliban for decades. Executive Director Global Commercial Operations Amgen. A paper written by Col. Andrew Milani (Former commander of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment) and Dr. Stephen D. Biddle entitled "Pitfalls of Technology: A Case Study of the battle of Takur Ghar" noted that the Predator was on station 90 minutes after Roberts had fallen; the images that were shot before the Predator had arrived were shot by GRIM-32's Infrared Cameras. During OA, the Afghan alliance fighting side by side with American Soldiers became demoralized and eventually retreated. Predator UAV had the convoy under surveillance, showing 3 SUVs, a pararescueman during OA the... 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To execute with it the possibility of war. [ 34 ] an. Chief Britt Slabinski the why, who, what, where, when of the operation was a.! Contingencies and circumstances gulshan avenue, dhaka 1212, bangladesh forces had a mission secure.
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